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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frobeniusnorm</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Frobeniusnorm</b> oder <b>Schurnorm</b> (benannt nach <a href="Ferdinand_Georg_Frobenius" title="Ferdinand Georg Frobenius">Ferdinand Georg Frobenius</a> bzw. <a href="Issai_Schur" title="Issai Schur">Issai Schur</a>) ist in der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> eine auf der <a href="Euklidische_Norm" title="Euklidische Norm">euklidischen Norm</a> basierende <a href="Matrixnorm" title="Matrixnorm">Matrixnorm</a>. Sie ist definiert als die <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzel</a> aus der <a href="Summe" title="Summe">Summe</a> der <a href="Betragsquadrat" title="Betragsquadrat">Betragsquadrate</a> aller Matrixelemente. Für die Frobeniusnorm gibt es noch eine Reihe weiterer Darstellungen, beispielsweise über eine <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a>, über ein <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a>, über eine <a href="Singul%C3%A4rwertzerlegung" title="Singulärwertzerlegung">Singulärwertzerlegung</a> oder über eine <a href="Schur-Zerlegung" title="Schur-Zerlegung">Schur-Zerlegung</a>. Die Frobeniusnorm ist <a href="Submultiplikativit%C3%A4t" title="Submultiplikativität">submultiplikativ</a>, mit der euklidischen Vektornorm <a href="Matrixnorm#Verträglichkeit_mit_einer_Vektornorm" title="Matrixnorm">verträglich</a> und <a href="Invariante_(Mathematik)" title="Invariante (Mathematik)">invariant</a> unter <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Abbildung" title="Unitäre Abbildung">unitären Transformationen</a>, sie ist aber keine <a href="Operatornorm" title="Operatornorm">Operatornorm</a>. Sie wird beispielsweise in der <a href="Numerische_lineare_Algebra" title="Numerische lineare Algebra">numerischen linearen Algebra</a> aufgrund ihrer einfacheren Berechenbarkeit zur Abschätzung der <a href="Spektralnorm" title="Spektralnorm">Spektralnorm</a> verwendet und bei der Lösung <a href="Ausgleichungsrechnung" title="Ausgleichungsrechnung">linearer Ausgleichsprobleme</a> mittels der <a href="Moore-Penrose-Inverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore-Penrose-Inverse">Moore-Penrose-Inverse</a> eingesetzt.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{F}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{F}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e30c290fa57ceb0593f5dc01a5585ea1b8b54a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.467ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen</a> oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen</a> (<i>m</i>&nbsp;×&nbsp;<i>n</i>)-<a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1848c435e64864e9ad4efa7e46bd6bc900c35c99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> der reellen oder komplexen Zahlen ist definiert als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}:={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{j=1}^{n}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}:={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{j=1}^{n}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9cf60379241cce7f00b8d34ce904c35e60cb1f2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:24.269ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}:={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{j=1}^{n}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>also die <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzel</a> aus der <a href="Summe" title="Summe">Summe</a> der <a href="Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betragsquadrate</a> aller Matrixelemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Frobeniusnorm entspricht damit der <a href="Euklidische_Norm" title="Euklidische Norm">euklidischen Norm</a> eines <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektors</a> der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\cdot n}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\cdot n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e825052f4b1acf3df49590dacd8612ce5220c19c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.114ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\cdot n}" loading="lazy"></span>, in dem alle Einträge der Matrix untereinander notiert sind. Im reellen Fall können die Betragsstriche in der Definition auch weggelassen werden, im komplexen Fall jedoch nicht.
</p><p>Die Frobeniusnorm ist nach dem deutschen Mathematiker <a href="Ferdinand_Georg_Frobenius" title="Ferdinand Georg Frobenius">Ferdinand Georg Frobenius</a> benannt. Sie heißt nach seinem Schüler <a href="Issai_Schur" title="Issai Schur">Issai Schur</a> auch Schurnorm und wird manchmal auch Hilbert-Schmidt-Norm genannt (nach <a href="David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> und <a href="Erhard_Schmidt_(Mathematiker)" title="Erhard Schmidt (Mathematiker)">Erhard Schmidt</a>), wobei letzterer Name meist bei der Untersuchung bestimmter linearer Abbildungen auf (möglicherweise unendlichdimensionalen) <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilberträumen</a> verwendet wird, siehe <a href="Hilbert-Schmidt-Operator" title="Hilbert-Schmidt-Operator">Hilbert-Schmidt-Operator</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p><b>Reelle Matrix</b>
</p><p>Die Frobeniusnorm der reellen (3&nbsp;×&nbsp;3)-Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;2&amp;1\\-1&amp;2&amp;-3\\0&amp;1&amp;-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;2&amp;1\\-1&amp;2&amp;-3\\0&amp;1&amp;-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4079a0088ed49b012c0041a06c722f03086a1d5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:21.409ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;2&amp;1\\-1&amp;2&amp;-3\\0&amp;1&amp;-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist gegeben als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+2^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}1|^{2}+2^{2}+|{-}3|^{2}+0^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}2|^{2}}}={\sqrt {25}}=5}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+2^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}1|^{2}+2^{2}+|{-}3|^{2}+0^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}2|^{2}}}={\sqrt {25}}=5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ccff299d25a4a2c51d2c1c8ceed36d92ce905ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:92.644ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+2^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}1|^{2}+2^{2}+|{-}3|^{2}+0^{2}+1^{2}+|{-}2|^{2}}}={\sqrt {25}}=5}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Komplexe Matrix</b>
</p><p>Die Frobeniusnorm der komplexen (2&nbsp;×&nbsp;2)-Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;i\\-2i&amp;3-i\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>i</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;i\\-2i&amp;3-i\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05798c10533af0dc4dabe768719cd7368d168c15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.915ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;i\\-2i&amp;3-i\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist gegeben als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{2}\sum _{j=1}^{2}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {|1|^{2}+|i|^{2}+|{-}2i|^{2}+|3-i|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+1^{2}+2^{2}+(3^{2}+1^{2})}}={\sqrt {16}}=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>16</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{2}\sum _{j=1}^{2}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {|1|^{2}+|i|^{2}+|{-}2i|^{2}+|3-i|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+1^{2}+2^{2}+(3^{2}+1^{2})}}={\sqrt {16}}=4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8106b1d7a33c1a5b08a1e6b51d46a537f2dd5d15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:98.798ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{2}\sum _{j=1}^{2}|a_{ij}|^{2}}}={\sqrt {|1|^{2}+|i|^{2}+|{-}2i|^{2}+|3-i|^{2}}}={\sqrt {1^{2}+1^{2}+2^{2}+(3^{2}+1^{2})}}={\sqrt {16}}=4}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Darstellungen">Weitere Darstellungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellung_über_eine_Spur"><span id="Darstellung_.C3.BCber_eine_Spur"></span>Darstellung über eine Spur</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a168c1e41aac8ec720ce65cfd8598db2392845f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Adjungierte_Matrix" title="Adjungierte Matrix">adjungierte Matrix</a> (im reellen Fall <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">transponierte Matrix</a>) von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt für die <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> (die Summe der Diagonaleinträge) des <a href="Matrizenprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrizenprodukt">Matrizenprodukts</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{H}A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{H}A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bbae9fd6e66b4d53464017792747ae8a12c202a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.178ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{H}A}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} (A^{H}A)=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\bar {a}}_{ik}\cdot a_{ik}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{ik}|^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} (A^{H}A)=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\bar {a}}_{ik}\cdot a_{ik}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{ik}|^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da88ed897d355ea1af15ecc5fa5d001dd34e27a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:53.88ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} (A^{H}A)=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\bar {a}}_{ik}\cdot a_{ik}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{n}|a_{ik}|^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Somit besitzt die Frobeniusnorm die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(AA^{H}\right)}}=\|A^{H}\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(AA^{H}\right)}}=\|A^{H}\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f649c27f1fccb54940c71b879e5661a0687b83e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:50.138ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(AA^{H}\right)}}=\|A^{H}\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei die mittlere Gleichung daraus folgt, dass unter der Spur Matrizen <a href="Zyklische_Permutation" title="Zyklische Permutation">zyklisch vertauscht</a> werden dürfen. Die Frobeniusnorm ist damit <a href="Matrixnorm#Selbstadjungiertheit" title="Matrixnorm">selbstadjungiert</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellung_über_ein_Skalarprodukt"><span id="Darstellung_.C3.BCber_ein_Skalarprodukt"></span>Darstellung über ein Skalarprodukt</h3></div>
<p>Auf dem <a href="Matrizenraum" title="Matrizenraum">Matrizenraum</a> der reellen oder komplexen (<i>m</i>&nbsp;×&nbsp;<i>n</i>)-Matrizen definiert für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {K} ^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {K} ^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/937dee5a914e6fd58fe7949ffff540bf1f7fba50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.13ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {K} ^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle A,B\rangle =\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}B\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle A,B\rangle =\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}B\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/392b4312e0f53f76cbc01d708febc61c8e64dd74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.19ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle A,B\rangle =\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}B\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ein <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a>, das auch <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> genannt wird. Somit ist die Frobeniusnorm die von dem Frobenius-Skalarprodukt <a href="Skalarproduktnorm" title="Skalarproduktnorm">induzierte Norm</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f92e94089f2ac1e0325d73b7d794c331950ef89e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.283ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\langle A,A\rangle }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Raum der reellen oder komplexen Matrizen ist mit diesem Skalarprodukt ein <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> und mit der Frobeniusnorm ein <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachraum</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellung_über_eine_Singulärwertzerlegung"><span id="Darstellung_.C3.BCber_eine_Singul.C3.A4rwertzerlegung"></span>Darstellung über eine Singulärwertzerlegung</h3></div>
<p>Betrachtet man eine <a href="Singul%C3%A4rwertzerlegung" title="Singulärwertzerlegung">Singulärwertzerlegung</a> der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=U\Sigma V^{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=U\Sigma V^{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac40b96b1b245cece31e06e8b0fed35738d29259.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.911ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=U\Sigma V^{H}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in eine <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Unitäre Matrix">unitäre Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae34724305331db6a526a584778df625e4a9034a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.828ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span>, eine reelle <a href="Diagonalmatrix" title="Diagonalmatrix">Diagonalmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma \in {\mathbb {R} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma \in {\mathbb {R} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2ddff78474e6fc8dbdb1091c71b46e174f0a42a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.137ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma \in {\mathbb {R} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und eine adjungierte unitäre Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9b311fce60042f1063d3c536d98d6fd34aa4b93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.74ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V^{H}\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V\Sigma ^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(U\Sigma V^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(V\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma V^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma \right)=\sum _{i=1}^{r}\sigma _{i}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V\Sigma ^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(U\Sigma V^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(V\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma V^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma \right)=\sum _{i=1}^{r}\sigma _{i}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8872d9264bda3d48ac4aa018759f38008c4010e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:85.765ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V\Sigma ^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(U\Sigma V^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(V\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma V^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\Sigma ^{H}\Sigma \right)=\sum _{i=1}^{r}\sigma _{i}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66daabfb4afa06ffb29f28ee028bfbbf65899ff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.861ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=\operatorname {rang} (A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=\operatorname {rang} (A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6d0e87a7952c5a7e425001cca83cca368da7157.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.229ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=\operatorname {rang} (A)}" loading="lazy"></span> die positiven Einträge der Diagonalmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e1f558f53cda207614abdf90162266c70bc5c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> sind. Diese Einträge sind die Singulärwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und gleich den Quadratwurzeln der <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerte</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{H}A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{H}A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bbae9fd6e66b4d53464017792747ae8a12c202a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.178ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{H}A}" loading="lazy"></span>. Somit hat die Frobeniusnorm die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7a6d92ee60cebdde507946d37c69116014b4e74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.127ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>womit sie der euklidischen Norm des Vektors der Singulärwerte und damit der <a href="Matrixnorm#Schatten-Normen" title="Matrixnorm">Schatten-2-Norm</a> entspricht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellung_über_eine_Schur-Zerlegung"><span id="Darstellung_.C3.BCber_eine_Schur-Zerlegung"></span>Darstellung über eine Schur-Zerlegung</h3></div>
<p>Betrachtet man weiterhin eine <a href="Schur-Zerlegung" title="Schur-Zerlegung">Schur-Zerlegung</a> einer quadratischen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f4ffe5192354872404a4d1e7665a6ca967c1356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.875ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=URU^{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=URU^{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f076a13fd66287d7cb18d1cacbe4cdbfa07310c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.921ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=URU^{H}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in eine unitäre Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/150e5de74f49653f234d89392d35e6ba0d18cc72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.915ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, eine <a href="Dreiecksmatrix" title="Dreiecksmatrix">obere Dreiecksmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf65dac592d68e4ffbf243525fb547543f62b5b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.896ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> adjungierte Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U^{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U^{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43b89cff86c71c72179189290acb7dc61b6d55f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.533ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U^{H}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(UR^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(URU^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(UR^{H}RU^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(R^{H}R\right)=\|R\|_{F}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(UR^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(URU^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(UR^{H}RU^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(R^{H}R\right)=\|R\|_{F}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c12ce792b3f252b03babab55bb15ceb876a802c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:85.546ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(UR^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(URU^{H}\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(UR^{H}RU^{H}\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(R^{H}R\right)=\|R\|_{F}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Zerlegt man nun die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> in ihre <a href="Hauptdiagonale" title="Hauptdiagonale">Hauptdiagonale</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda \in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda \in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b8670516e2dd1a9483a3eb1e5f322ef4c65fc30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.745ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda \in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestehend aus den <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a896f82d292f2489a979c7a2c7a52561df77dd4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.161ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und eine <a href="Dreiecksmatrix#Strikte_obere_und_untere_Dreiecksmatrix" title="Dreiecksmatrix">strikt obere Dreiecksmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a668fbc40a94f993d494e3eb4c41b30cd0bbc402.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.196ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt für die Frobeniusnorm von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|R\|_{F}={\sqrt {\|\Lambda \|_{F}^{2}+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}={\sqrt {(|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2})+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|R\|_{F}={\sqrt {\|\Lambda \|_{F}^{2}+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}={\sqrt {(|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2})+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4775f551b2e32b2cac63d0728d81c70168c0683c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:67.704ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|R\|_{F}={\sqrt {\|\Lambda \|_{F}^{2}+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}={\sqrt {(|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2})+\|N\|_{F}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei die Frobeniusnorm von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> genau dann <a href="Null" title="Null">Null</a> ist, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Normale_Matrix" title="Normale Matrix">normale Matrix</a> ist. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht normal, dann stellt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|N\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|N\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c3fb683b83a0ad8f580731d83ee3c152c904da8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.852ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|N\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Maß für die Abweichung von der Normalität dar.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normeigenschaften">Normeigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Da die <a href="Matrizenaddition" title="Matrizenaddition">Summe</a> zweier Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c06cae31a33c9b8ccf917610f0e8c212b5eaf6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.13ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die <a href="Skalarmultiplikation" title="Skalarmultiplikation">Multiplikation</a> einer Matrix mit einem <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">Skalar</a> komponentenweise definiert sind, folgen die Normeigenschaften <a href="Definitheit" title="Definitheit">Definitheit</a>, <a href="Homogene_Funktion" title="Homogene Funktion">absolute Homogenität</a> und <a href="Additivit%C3%A4t#Sub-_und_Superadditivität" class="mw-redirect" title="Additivität">Subadditivität</a> direkt aus den entsprechenden Eigenschaften der euklidischen Norm. Insbesondere folgt die Gültigkeit der Dreiecksungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c99c9e943488a0946815ef29f2ca9c04c09ef8b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.158ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>aus der <a href="Cauchy-Schwarzsche_Ungleichung" title="Cauchy-Schwarzsche Ungleichung">Cauchy-Schwarz-Ungleichung</a> über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\operatorname {Re} \langle A,B\rangle +\|B\|_{F}^{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\|A\|_{F}\|B\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}^{2}=\left(\|A\|_{F}+\!\|B\|_{F}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\operatorname {Re} \langle A,B\rangle +\|B\|_{F}^{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\|A\|_{F}\|B\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}^{2}=\left(\|A\|_{F}+\!\|B\|_{F}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0671ada2fe74c3178c57e7150589aefbb2434d69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:92.248ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A+B\|_{F}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\operatorname {Re} \langle A,B\rangle +\|B\|_{F}^{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}^{2}+2\|A\|_{F}\|B\|_{F}+\|B\|_{F}^{2}=\left(\|A\|_{F}+\!\|B\|_{F}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a50080b735975d8001c9552ac2134b49ad534c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> obiges Skalarprodukt auf Matrizen ist und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Re</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95843424d33425ded8dd8eb6bed645d75ebd885c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} }" loading="lazy"></span> den Realteil der komplexen Zahl angibt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submultiplikativität"><span id="Submultiplikativit.C3.A4t"></span>Submultiplikativität</h3></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm ist <a href="Submultiplikativit%C3%A4t" title="Submultiplikativität">submultiplikativ</a>, das heißt für Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11e77a3dd671458d9e05b32f2099e4cfaf9bf2e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.4ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times l}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\,B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|B\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\,B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|B\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13eecaedfed155ee850d3390661eb957ea02816b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.251ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\,B\|_{F}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|B\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wie ebenfalls mit Hilfe der Cauchy-Schwarz-Ungleichung durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\|A\,B\|_{F}^{2}&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}b_{jk}\right|^{2}\!=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},b_{\ast k}\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}\\&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|B\|_{F}^{2}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>B</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\|A\,B\|_{F}^{2}&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}b_{jk}\right|^{2}\!=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},b_{\ast k}\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}\\&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|B\|_{F}^{2}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8b9e5a8dd9199f2db9df0be8466a4a61f23c930.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:75.351ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\|A\,B\|_{F}^{2}&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}b_{jk}\right|^{2}\!=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},b_{\ast k}\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}\\&amp;=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\sum _{k=1}^{l}\|b_{\ast k}\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|B\|_{F}^{2}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gezeigt werden kann. Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i\ast }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i\ast }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54b0e11d0ea20fc66a6fad9eeeb3d42cb8f240c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i\ast }}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Zeile von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{\ast k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{\ast k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f12cf69d76d0f591ba36c4c47f955eac3c272fb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.908ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{\ast k}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Spalte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a50080b735975d8001c9552ac2134b49ad534c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Standardskalarprodukt" title="Standardskalarprodukt">Standardskalarprodukt</a> auf Vektoren und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3a8e44a2eb980f856968a6357e3d0a7c22c905f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.058ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die euklidische Vektornorm.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verträglichkeit_mit_der_euklidischen_Norm"><span id="Vertr.C3.A4glichkeit_mit_der_euklidischen_Norm"></span>Verträglichkeit mit der euklidischen Norm</h3></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm ist mit der euklidischen Norm <a href="Matrixnorm#Verträglichkeit_mit_einer_Vektornorm" title="Matrixnorm">verträglich</a>, das heißt für eine Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9b5ca89d8a1c58b9ce3f1b69c67d486fb4b7686.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.197ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt die Ungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|x\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|x\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/082f17e13ab86238ee99fb95b0f88a4cb1f46b7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.565ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\,\|x\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>was wiederum über die Cauchy-Schwarz-Ungleichung aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{j}\right|^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},x\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{j}\right|^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},x\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4820daa8eb18047c747a7864c11efc80cf48f593.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:72.961ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\,x\|_{2}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{j}\right|^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left|\langle a_{i\ast }^{H},x\rangle \right|^{2}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m}\|a_{i\ast }^{H}\|_{2}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}\,\|x\|_{2}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt und was lediglich den Spezialfall der Submultiplikativität für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fc60b21200ebf2b338c4fa71b103cb697b02bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=1}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitäre_Invarianz"><span id="Unit.C3.A4re_Invarianz"></span>Unitäre Invarianz</h3></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm ist <a href="Invariante_(Mathematik)" title="Invariante (Mathematik)">invariant</a> unter <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Abbildung" title="Unitäre Abbildung">unitären Transformationen</a> (im reellen Fall <a href="Orthogonale_Matrix" title="Orthogonale Matrix">orthogonalen Transformationen</a>), das heißt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}=\|A\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}=\|A\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de0aba13d9f8fa4166801dbb0dac5138349cdf7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.731ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}=\|A\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle <a href="Unit%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Unitäre Matrix">unitären Matrizen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae34724305331db6a526a584778df625e4a9034a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.828ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c96fceded1ee1dd44de7bdf556771eb828134e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.919ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies folgt direkt über die Spurdarstellung aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}^{2}=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V^{H}A^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(UAV\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}^{2}=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V^{H}A^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(UAV\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87419dedbca8568995822309b940b4a13092de63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:62.406ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|UAV\|_{F}^{2}=\operatorname {spur} \left(\left(V^{H}A^{H}U^{H}\right)\left(UAV\right)\right)=\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)=\|A\|_{F}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Durch diese Invarianz ändert sich auch die <a href="Kondition_(Mathematik)" title="Kondition (Mathematik)">Kondition</a> einer Matrix bezüglich der Frobeniusnorm nach einer Multiplikation mit einer unitären Matrix von links oder rechts nicht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nichtdarstellbarkeit_als_Operatornorm">Nichtdarstellbarkeit als Operatornorm</h3></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm ist keine <a href="Operatornorm" title="Operatornorm">Operatornorm</a> und damit keine <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Matrixnorm" title="Natürliche Matrixnorm">natürliche Matrixnorm</a>, das heißt, es gibt keine Vektornorm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/113f0d8fe6108fc1c5e9802f7c3f634f5480b3d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \max _{x\neq 0}{\frac {\|Ax\|}{\|x\|}}=\|A\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \max _{x\neq 0}{\frac {\|Ax\|}{\|x\|}}=\|A\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22e519b9ec80edb7668895635d70fff0f31e99a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.576ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \max _{x\neq 0}{\frac {\|Ax\|}{\|x\|}}=\|A\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt, da jede Operatornorm für die <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> den Wert <a href="Eins" title="Eins">Eins</a> besitzen muss, jedoch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|I\|_{F}={\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|I\|_{F}={\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6734bcd353febea495226a76d24edc9c30a4e77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.051ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|I\|_{F}={\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m,n\geq 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m,n\geq 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a759c98274752b1613054ccba83864347f8d2d1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.73ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m,n\geq 2}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Wert größer als Eins ergibt. Selbst eine entsprechend skalierte Version der Frobeniusnorm ist keine Operatornorm, da diese Norm dann nicht submultiplikativ ist, was eine weitere Eigenschaft jeder Operatornorm ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spezialfälle"><span id="Spezialf.C3.A4lle"></span>Spezialfälle</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normale_Matrizen">Normale Matrizen</h3></div>
<p>Ist die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f4ffe5192354872404a4d1e7665a6ca967c1356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.875ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> normal mit Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a896f82d292f2489a979c7a2c7a52561df77dd4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.161ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d4c2917350afa96ddc4c74c4525b2ff62246afd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:29.036ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {|\lambda _{1}|^{2}+\ldots +|\lambda _{n}|^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm entspricht damit der euklidischen Norm des Vektors der Eigenwerte der Matrix.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitäre_Matrizen"><span id="Unit.C3.A4re_Matrizen"></span>Unitäre Matrizen</h3></div>
<p>Ist die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f4ffe5192354872404a4d1e7665a6ca967c1356.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.875ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> unitär (im reellen Fall orthogonal), dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(I\right)}}={\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>spur</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(I\right)}}={\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/641c3cb10b6e45f9071ca54ad4f79cd0ccd8eef3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:41.919ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(A^{H}A\right)}}={\sqrt {\operatorname {spur} \left(I\right)}}={\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm hängt in diesem Fall also nur von der Größe der Matrix ab.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rang-Eins-Matrizen">Rang-Eins-Matrizen</h3></div>
<p>Besitzt die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6f9e6be338f58db8d039b14b66796a6a95fdcca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.332ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> null oder eins, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=xy^{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=xy^{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4dec625810aba3638c781d9162533926c3fb1bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.721ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=xy^{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/659e8f255cdf51500873c90a5761449dbacd06f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.654ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathbb {K} }^{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d22b34fb3d4a1285377df6db5082f27e15b9fe90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in {\mathbb {K} }^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|x\|_{2}\cdot \|y\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|x\|_{2}\cdot \|y\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3310e74e3ce7f0fdf36b5ceac1b158a462ea02e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{F}=\|x\|_{2}\cdot \|y\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3a8e44a2eb980f856968a6357e3d0a7c22c905f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.058ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder die euklidische Vektornorm ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abschätzung_der_Spektralnorm"><span id="Absch.C3.A4tzung_der_Spektralnorm"></span>Abschätzung der Spektralnorm</h3></div>
<p>Die Frobeniusnorm wird in der <a href="Numerische_lineare_Algebra" title="Numerische lineare Algebra">numerischen linearen Algebra</a> aufgrund ihrer einfacheren Berechenbarkeit häufig zur Abschätzung der <a href="Spektralnorm" title="Spektralnorm">Spektralnorm</a> eingesetzt, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\leq {\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}\cdot \|A\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\leq {\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}\cdot \|A\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e0a3db9dd8809f88c6548d692d03d80f232dd82.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.645ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}\leq \|A\|_{F}\leq {\sqrt {\min\{m,n\}}}\cdot \|A\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Gleichheit gilt dabei genau dann, wenn der Rang der Matrix null oder eins ist. Diese beiden Abschätzungen folgen aus der Darstellung der Frobeniusnorm über die Singulärwertzerlegung aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}^{2}=\sigma _{\max }^{2}\leq \sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}\leq r\cdot \sigma _{\max }^{2}=r\cdot \|A\|_{2}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}^{2}=\sigma _{\max }^{2}\leq \sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}\leq r\cdot \sigma _{\max }^{2}=r\cdot \|A\|_{2}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30dc3f095d2823ba58d57e9213d8fe59278e55c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:75.406ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|A\|_{2}^{2}=\sigma _{\max }^{2}\leq \sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}=\|A\|_{F}^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\ldots +\sigma _{r}^{2}\leq r\cdot \sigma _{\max }^{2}=r\cdot \|A\|_{2}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66daabfb4afa06ffb29f28ee028bfbbf65899ff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.861ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\leq \min\{m,n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\leq \min\{m,n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7bf22d5db4464509165320829478ba083119723.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\leq \min\{m,n\}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Singulärwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> sind und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\max }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\max }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64db84d24c57230a6adf7bb152d4d78760816469.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.618ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\max }}" loading="lazy"></span> der maximale Singulärwert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, der gerade der Spektralnorm entspricht. Die Summe der Quadrate der Singulärwerte wird dabei durch das Quadrat des größten Singulärwerts nach unten und durch das <i>r</i>-fache des Quadrats des größten Singulärwerts nach oben abgeschätzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineare_Ausgleichsprobleme">Lineare Ausgleichsprobleme</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Singul%C3%A4re_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Singuläre Matrix">singuläre</a> oder nichtquadratische Matrix, so stellt sich oft die Frage nach ihrer näherungsweisen <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inversen</a>, also einer Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cdot Z\approx I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cdot Z\approx I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/106e06024bf71140812d52dd8767bfa93bd2abc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.373ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cdot Z\approx I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> als der Einheitsmatrix gilt. Die <a href="Pseudoinverse" title="Pseudoinverse">Moore-Penrose-Inverse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b380a5ff4e2d7d22a0dc1aea46e7ecba61f95fe6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine wichtige solche Pseudoinverse und definiert als diejenige Matrix, für die die Abweichung in der Frobeniusnorm
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|I-A\cdot Z\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|I-A\cdot Z\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17bc0fddcd77300e66ebaa3a0e1f2616bf2a0ec7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.903ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|I-A\cdot Z\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>minimal wird. Sie hat mittels einer Singulärwertzerlegung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{+}=V\Sigma ^{+}U^{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{+}=V\Sigma ^{+}U^{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99015e0d9fb90a06937f99cdde6c43a72bd7128a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.861ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{+}=V\Sigma ^{+}U^{H}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{+}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{+}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c78b913a3f87bba9d7bbba8696a81f05633dee94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{+}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Diagonalmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e1f558f53cda207614abdf90162266c70bc5c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> dadurch entsteht, dass die von Null verschiedenen Elemente invertiert werden. Über eine Pseudoinverse lassen sich beispielsweise Matrixgleichungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cdot X=B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cdot X=B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c36bfd31b0468ba90615274f448f0b6f32a92d29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.265ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cdot X=B}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\approx A^{+}B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\approx A^{+}B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f280f05d8ce8e181e0391f64f3928982a1f1ac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.096ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\approx A^{+}B}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>näherungsweise lösen, wobei die Näherungslösung über die Moore-Penrose-Inverse dann den Fehler
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|B-A\cdot X\|_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|B-A\cdot X\|_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8bd5d8ec8330a1dcf3771fe565f0610ffcd02a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.795ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|B-A\cdot X\|_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in der Frobeniusnorm im Sinne der <a href="Methode_der_kleinsten_Quadrate" title="Methode der kleinsten Quadrate">Methode der kleinsten Quadrate</a> minimiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Gene_Golub" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene Golub">Gene Golub</a>, Charles van Loan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Matrix Computations</cite>. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8018-5414-9.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Frobeniusnorm&amp;rft.au=Gene+Golub%2C+Charles+van+Loan&amp;rft.btitle=Matrix+Computations&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780801854149&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Roger Horn, Charles R. Johnson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Matrix Analysis</cite>. Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-521-38632-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Frobeniusnorm&amp;rft.au=Roger+Horn%2C+Charles+R.+Johnson&amp;rft.btitle=Matrix+Analysis&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521386326&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Hans Rudolf Schwarz, Norbert Köckler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Numerische Mathematik</cite>. 8. Auflage. Vieweg &amp; Teubner, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-1551-4.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Frobeniusnorm&amp;rft.au=Hans+Rudolf+Schwarz%2C+Norbert+K%C3%B6ckler&amp;rft.btitle=Numerische+Mathematik&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.edition=8.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834815514&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg+%26+Teubner" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/FrobeniusNorm.html"><i>Frobenius Norm</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li>Cam McLeman, Logan Hanks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetmath.org/FrobeniusMatrixNorm"><i>Frobenius matrix norm</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="PlanetMath" title="PlanetMath">PlanetMath</a>.</i> (englisch)</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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